PCB testing ensures your assembled boards work correctly.

AOI (Automated Optical Inspection):
- Camera-based visual inspection after SMT
- Detects missing, misaligned, wrong components
- Catches solder bridges and tombstoning

Flying Probe:
- Programmable needles touch test points
- Tests opens, shorts, component values
- No fixture cost, good for prototypes

ICT (In-Circuit Test):
- Bed-of-nails fixture with pogo pins
- Tests every net and component
- Fast for production, needs custom fixture

Which to Use:
- Prototypes: AOI + manual check
- Low volume: Flying probe
- High volume: ICT + AOI

Good testing catches defects early, before boards reach customers.